The New Economic Partnership for African Development (abbreviated as NEPAD) is an economic development programme of the African Union (AU). It was established on October 15, 2001 at a summit of the African Union in Lusaka, Zambia.

The principle of individual ministerial responsibility refers to the convention that a minister is responsible to every actions of their department / ministry and it's applicable in the presidential system of government. Collective responsibility is to cabinet or parliamentary system of government where ministers are collectively responsible for there decisions.