Byzantine Empire also known as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium that lasted for 10 centuries after the fall of the Western. It was one of the great empires in history. Its name, which began to be used in the 16th century, comes from Byzantium, the ancient city on which its capital, Constantinople, was founded.

The communist manifesto is the basic document of communist thought, made up of the thoughts of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels on political, economic and sociological matters. In it the pillars of both original Socialism and Marxism are embodied.