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National debt or public debt is the total debt a country owes to its citizens, governments of other countries or international financial organizations like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). The debt which a country owes its citizens is known as internal or domestic debt, while the debt owed to foreign governments or international financial organizations is known as external or foreign debt.

Public Finance is an aspect of economics that state how a government gets and spends the revenue it collects. In a more technical sense, it can be defined as that branch of economics that studies the relationship between the revenue and expenditure patterns of the government.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) otherwise known as the World Bank was established in 1944 with its headquarters in Washington DC.

Capitalism may be defined as an economic system in which all or most means of production are owned and controlled by private individuals and in which the economic activity of the government is at a minimum while Socialism is an economic system where the state takes the major economic decisions through detailed planning. Countries that adopt this system do not believe in the efficacy of market forces.

According to Professor Robbins, Economics may be defined as “a Science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses."

The Millennium Development Goals refer to a set of fundamental goals set by the United Nations in 2000 which all member states of the United Nations and, particularly developing countries, are required to achieve within a period of fifteen years.

Globalization is a phenomenon based on the continuous increase in the interconnection between the different nations of the world on the economic, political, social and technological levels. The use of this term has been used since the 80s. That is, since technological advances have facilitated and accelerated international commercial and financial transactions. And for this reason, the phenomenon has as many defenders - such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank - as detractors.

Electoral Malpractices is the manifestation of all forms of electoral misconducts, capable of derailing the electoral process. Therefore, Election malpractice and rigging could be reduced if the following steps were taken. 

The Niger Delta refers to the area around the southern tributaries of River Niger and includes states such as Bayelsa, Rivers, Delta, Cross River, Akwa Ibom and parts of Edo and Ondo states. The area is largely in habited by small ethnic groups, and this in itself creates problems of its own and promotes divisiveness and inter-group rivalries.

The Obasanjo Government inaugurated the Technical Committee on Local Government Reforms on June 25, 2003. The Chairman of the Committee was the Etsu Nupe, Alhaji Sanda Umaru Ndayako. Following the death of Alhaji Ndayako on September 1, 2003, the Deputy Chairman of the Committee, Alhaji Adamu Liman Ciroma, who was a former Secretary to the Federal Government, was made the new Chairman of the Committee.

The decision by the federal government to reform the local government system in the country in 1976 did not really come as a surprise. Before then, the local councils had little bearing on the lives of the local people as there was little to write home about their performance.

Local governments in Nigeria have two main sources of revenue which may be described as (a) internal sources of revenue and (b) external source of revenue.

Privatisation and commercialisation policies were first introduced under the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), which was imposed on the country by the Bretton Woods Institutions (i.e International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank) in 1986.

Corporatocracy refers to a political system that is controlled by corporations or corporate interests. In corporatocracy, individuals are appomted to rule the state by another set of individuals that constitutes the shareholder or rather those who top in the hierarchy of stakeholders.

Privatization is a policy of the government created to afford individuals, corporate bodies, the opportunity to take over ownership and control of government enterprises, companies, etc. while Commercialization is a state policy of making its companies, enterprises, parastatals, etc, more efficient and even more profit oriented. It will also make these organisations come up with efficient management of resources.

The future value (FV) is the value that a certain amount of money that we currently hold or that we decide to invest in a certain project will have in the future. The future value (FV) allows us to calculate how the value of the money that we currently have (today) will change considering the different investment alternatives that we have available. In order to calculate the FV we need to know the value of our money at the current moment and the interest rate that will be applied in the coming periods.

Value at risk is a statistical technique to measure the financial risk of an investment. Indicates the probability (usually 1% or 5%) of suffering a certain loss during a period of time (usually 1 day, 1 week or 1 month).

Poverty is the state in which an individual or group can not meet basic human needs to maintain a minimum level of quality of life, while Inequality on the other hand, refers to the unfair or unequal distribution of resources among various people or groups, caused by social, gender, ethnic, religious or other discrimination.

The intrinsic value, theoretical price or fundamental value of an asset, is the value that is obtained taking into account all the components that surround an asset, including tangible and intangible elements. It is also sometimes known as real value.

A negotiable value or negotiable security is a common instrument in finance with which its holder can operate in the markets for buying and selling securities. Within the concept of negotiable value there are outstanding examples of financial assets such as shares or obligations.